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- A Brief
History of the
Hypothesis: Cell, Vol.
134, No. 3. (8
August 2008),
pp.
378-381.Two
terms used as
frameworks for
scientific
experimentatio
n--the
"hypothesis"
and the
"model"--carry
distinct
philosophical
assumptions,
with important
consequences
for the
practicing
scientist.
Source: Cell, Vol. 134, No. 3. (8 August 2008), pp. 378-381. - Causal Models:
How People
Think about
the World and
Its
Alternatives: (02 July
2005)Human
beings are
active agents
who can think.
To understand
how thought
serves action
requires
understanding
how people
conceive of
the relation
between cause
and effect,
between action
and outcome.
In cognitive
terms, how do
people
construct and
reason with
the causal
models we use
to represent
our world? A
revolution is
occurring in
how
statisticians,
philosophers,
and computer
scientists
answer this
question.
Those fields
have ushered
in new
insights about
causal models
by thinking
about how to
represent
causal
structure
mathematically
, in a
framework that
uses graphs
and
probability
theory to
develop what
are called
causal
Bayesian
networks. The
framework
starts with
the idea that
the purpose of
causal
structure is
to understand
and predict
the effects of
intervention.
How does
intervening on
one thing
affect other
things? This
is not a
question
merely about
probability
(or logic),
but about
action. The
framework
offers a new
understanding
of mind:
Thought is
about the
effects of
intervention
and cognition
is thus
intimately
tied to
actions that
take place
either in the
actual
physical world
or in
imagination,
in
counterfactual
worlds. The
book offers a
conceptual
introduction
to the key
mathematical
ideas,
presenting
them in a
non-technical
way, focusing
on the
intuitions
rather than
the theorems.
It tries to
show why the
ideas are
important to
understanding
how people
explain things
and why
thinking not
only about the
world as it is
but the world
as it could be
is so central
to human
action. The
book reviews
the role of
causality,
causal models,
and
intervention
in the basic
human
cognitive
functions:
decision
making,
reasoning,
judgment,
categorization
, inductive
inference,
language, and
learning. In
short, the
book offers a
discussion
about how
people think,
talk, learn,
and explain
things in
causal terms,
in terms of
action and
manipulation.
Source: (02 July 2005) - Limited Inc.: (01 November
1988)
Source: (01 November 1988) - Archeology of
Knowledge: (12 September
1982)
Source: (12 September 1982) - Poetry,
Language,
Thought
(Perennial
Classics): (01 November
2001)
Source: (01 November 2001)
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